The Establishment of 'Air House' Standard in Tropical Countries : Final Part
Conclusions and Recommendations
Design Issues
The results of the analysis of Malay houses and People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) show that the performance of air temperature and relative humidity in both cases were not significantly different. However, for internal and external air ventilation, the traditional Malay houses recorded 1450.3 l/s (1.45m/s) compared to just only 31.7 l/s (0.03m/s) for PHP 2000. The massive amount of air ventilation in Malay houses contributes to a better performance of the house thermally and economically.
The theoretical model has been developed and tested. The model has been improved according to the architectural and construction issues found in an actual PHP 2000. One of the major improvements is the proportionate rule of layout unit. Instead of a long and narrow layout, the theoretical model has a longer and wider layout where the external wall area is longer than PHP 2000; this promotes massive airflow in, out and across the house through the opening components.
Using the results obtained in part 7 and 8, a standard called Air House has been defined. This standard is totally focused on natural ventilation strategies, in which air is designed to flow across the house compound. Meanwhile, in Passivhaus, the design is more about airtightness and isolation of heat within the house compound. The establishment of Air House could perhaps be a new beginning for Malaysian architecture and its tropical region.
The hot temperature and high humidity climate in Malaysia encourages the use of an air conditioning system as the primary option to cool the house. Nowadays, this is the standard practice in Malaysia. An effort should be made to rectify this situation. The theoretical model that has been developed proves that there is a possible way to achieve the right thermal comfort by using passive methods in social housing. Therefore, this study answers the problem posed at the beginning of the study.
Recommendations of Building Regulations in Malaysia
Upon completion of the study, it can be deduced that there is a huge gap between the traditional approach and modern housing. One of the reasons for this situation is the inappropriate regulations and standards being used in Malaysia. Therefore, some improvements and revisions should be made in order to meet the current challenges, as some of the regulations are not compatible with Malaysia’s climate and culture (see Table 43).
In clauses 32, 33, 34 and 35 of UBBL part III (space, light and ventilation), open spaces must be provided in residential building compounds. However, the categories listed are only related to buildings abutting a street, a back lane and a detached building; there is no category relating to linked units abutting a corridor in a multi-storey building. According to the research findings, a common space in front of the main entrance is an important element in building a good, responsible society. Therefore, in theoretical model (TM), foyer space is provided to serve as interaction space as well as storage area. Thus, an improvement that can be compatible with local culture and the basic needs of the people should be made.
Clause 39 (1) states that residential buildings shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation. The openings area is not less than 10% of floor area. For an example that follows the minimum requirement, a living/dining area in TM that has 19.6 square metres will have an area of window opening of less than 2.0 square meters. Based on the research findings, this percentage is too small for an opening to allow air movement. As TM has been proven to provide good air movement, clause 39 (1) should be revised to a new and more suitable percentage of opening area that is compatible with Malaysia’s climate.
Finally, in clause 44 (1), the minimum height of a living room is 2.5 metres, while a kitchen is 2.25 metres. These heights are considered low and less efficient to promote air movement; thus, the minimum of 3.5 metres, as in TM’s design, should be used in this clause.
Researched and written by Mohd Firrdhaus Mohd Sahabuddin; co-founder of 'Air House' and this article was a part of his dissertation which titled 'Traditional Values and Their Adaptation in Social Housing Design: Towards A New Typology and Establishment of ‘Air House’ Standard in Malaysia' for MSc. Advanced Sustainable Design in The University of Edinburgh. Copyright 2012.
References
Abdul Hussain Al-Obaidi, M.A. & Woods, P., 2006. Investigations On Effect of the Orientation on Thermal Comfort in Terraced Housing in Malaysia. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, pp.167-176.
Abdul Rahim, Z. & Hashim, A.H., 2011. Adapting to Terrace Housing Living in Malaysia. In ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies. Bandung, Indonesia: Elsevier B.V., pp. 147-157.
Abdul Rahman, A.M., 1995. Housing Design in Relation to Environmemtal Comfort. Building Research and Information, Volume 23.
Abdul Razak, A., 2011. Housing: Planning and Implementation in Malaysia.
Abdullah, K., 2006. Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART): An Underground Approach to Mitigating Flash Floods. In International Workshop on Flash Floods in Urban Areas and Risk Management.
Abdulmalik, A. & Young, A., 1993. Thermal Comfort Study as an Aid to Determine Energy Savings in Building in Malaysia. In Proc. Energex 93. Seoul, South Korea.
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M., 2006. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century : Theory, education and practice, Great Britain: Taylor & Francis.
Audenaert, A., De Cleyn, S.H. & Vankerckhove, B., 2008. Economic Analysis of Passive Houses and Low-Energy Houses Compared with Standard Houses. Energy Policy, (36), pp.47-55.
Aziz, W.N.A.W.A.B.D., 2007. Low-Cost Housing Policy in Malaysia: The Challenge of Delivery. PhD Thesis. University of Dundee.
Bavani, M. & Ashok, K., 2012. Pekeliling Flat: Abandoned and Dangerous. The Star. Available at: http://mstar.com.my/ [Accessed August 14, 2012].
Brookfield, H. & Byron, Y., 1990. Deforestation and Timber Extraction in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula: The Record Since 1965. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, pp.42-56.
Bureau of Meteorology, Design Tips For the Hot Humid Climate. Australian Government. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/environ/housedesign/HSWW_d.shtml [Accessed July 24, 2012].
Center of Built in the Malay World (KALAM), 1996. Rumah Andak Endah (1920).
Center of Built in the Malay World (KALAM), 1986. Rumah Datuk Baginda Tan Mas Mohar (1850).
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), 2009. Malaysia : Settlement Points. Center for International Earth Science Information Network. Available at: http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/ [Accessed June 26, 2012].
Chen, Y.-R., Ariffin, S.I. & Wang, M.-H., 2008. The Typological Rule System of Malay Houses in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, (254).
Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia, 2012. Average Monthly Rainfall and Temperature for Malaysia from 1990-2009. Available at: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ [Accessed June 26, 2012].
Construction Industry Development Board, 1998. Construction Industry Standard CIS 2: 1998, Standard Perumahan Kebangsaan bagi Perumahan Kos Rendah Rumah Pangsa, Malaysia.
Drakakis-Smith, D., 1977. Housing the Urban Poor in West Malaysia: The Role of the Private Sector. Habitat International, Volume 2, pp.571-584.
Economic Planning Unit., 1965. First Malaysia Plan 1966-1970. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Economic Planning Unit. Prime Minister's Department. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from http:// www.epu.gov.my/previousplan
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)., 2001. Eighth Malaysia plan (2001–2005). Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)., 2006. Ninth Malaysia plan (2006–2010). Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.
Feist, W. et al., 2005. Re-inventing Air Heating: Convenient and Comfortable within the Frame of the Passive House Concept. Energy and Building, (37), pp.1186-1203.
Fisk, D., 1981. Comfort and Energy Consumption. In The Architecture of Energy. New York: Longman Inc.
Fondriest Environmental, 2012. What is Air Temperature. Fondriest Environmental. Available at: http://www.fondriest.com/news/airtemperature.htm [Accessed July 24, 2012].
Fowler, K., 1983. Practical Building Services Design: Indoor/Outdoor Design Conditions and Psychrometry, New York: Longman Inc.
Goh, A.T. & Ahmad, Y., 2011. Public Low-Cost Housing in Malaysia: Case Studies on PPR Low-Cost Flats in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Design and the Built Environment, Vol. 8.
Green Building Index, 2010. Residential New Construction (RNC): Design Reference Guide & amp; Submission Format.
Green Building Index, 2011. GBI Assessment Criteria for Residential New Construction (RNC).
Green Building Index, 2012. What is A Green Building? Available at: http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/why-green-buildings.html [Accessed July 25, 2012].
Hanafi, Z., 1994. Housing Design in Relation to Environmetal Comfort - A Comparison of the Traditional Malay House and Modern Housing. Building Research and Information, Volume 22.
Harahap, R.K. et al., 2011. Thermal Comfort Study in Low-Cost Residential Building in Shah Alam. In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 303-306.
Hassan, A.S. & Ramli, M., 2010. Natural Ventilation of Indoor Air Temperature: A Case Study of the Traditional malay House in Penang. Science Publications.
Idid, S.Z.A. & Salim, S., 2011. Traditional Values in Modern Living, A Dilemma of Choice. In APSA Congress. Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1538-1547.
Ismail, Z. & Ahmad, A.S., 2006. Modularity Concept in Traditional Malay House (TMH) in Malaysia. In International Conference on Construction Industry. Universitas Bung Hatta, Indonesia.
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, 2011. Yearbook of Statistics Malaysia 2010th ed., Putrajaya, Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Johnstone, M., 1984. Urban Housing and Housing Policy in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 8(4), pp.497-529.
KALAM, 2012. Center for the Study of Built Environment in the Malay World (KALAM). KALAM UTM: Pusat Kajian Alam Bina Dunia Melayu. Available at: http://utmkalam.wordpress.com/author/utmkalam/ [Accessed June 19, 2012].
Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH)., 2000. Buletin Jabatan Pengurusan Perumahan. Kuala Lumpur: DBKL.
Laws of Malaysia, 1997. Uniform Building By- Laws 1984, Act 133, MDC Publishers Printers Sdn. Bhd.
Lee, B.T., 1996. Emerging Urban Trends and the Globalizing Economy in Malaysia. In Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia. Hong Kong: United Nations University Press, pp. 335-372.
Lee, H.Y., 2003. The Kampong House: Evolutionary History of Peninsular Malaysia’s Vernacular Houseform. In Asia’s Old Dwellings: Tradition, Resilience and Change. United States: Oxford University Press Inc., pp. 235-257.
Loo, K., 1977. Planning and Building By- laws Affecting Low-cost Housing, Jurnal Perumahan Housing & Property (Nov/ Dec 1977), Vol.2, No.7, pp. 75-77.
Malaysian Standard 1525 (MS1525), 2007. Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (First Revision).
McCee, T.G. and McTaggart, W.D., 1967: Petaling Jaya: A Socioeconomic Survey of a New Town in Selangor, Malaysia. Pacific Viewpoint Monograph 2, Wellington.
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG), 1981. National Housing Department, Satisfaction with Housing Conditions - Sample Household Survey Report on The Jalan Pekeliling Flats, Kuala Lumpur.
Mohamad Said, B.H., 2011. An overview of the Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 & the Amendments 2007 [Part 3/5]. Badrul Hisham Architect. Available at: http://badrulhishamarchitect.blogspot.co.uk/ [Accessed August 6, 2012].
Mohammadi, A.R. et al., 2010. The Effect of Balcony to Enhance the Natural Ventilation of Terrace Houses in the Tropical Climate of Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Volume 3, pp.105-113.
Mohd Tahir, M. et al., 2006. Taking Cues From the Past: Increasing the Livability of Terrace Housing in Malaysia Through the Raised Floor Innovation. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohit, M.A., Ibrahim, M. & Rashid, Y.R., 2010. Assessment of Residential Satisfactionin Newly Designed Public Low-Cost Housing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Habitat International, (34), pp.18-27.
National Housing Department, 2006. JPN Standard Plan 2000.
National Property Information Centre (NAPIC), 2010. Property Stock Report: Residential Property Stock Table Q3 2010, Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Finance Malaysia.
Passivhaus Trust, 2012. The Passivhaus Standard. Passivhaus Trust: The UK Passive House Organisation. Available at: http://www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/ [Accessed August 15, 2012].
Razali, A., 1993. Transit house: privatisation of low-cost housing in peninsular Malaysia. In International seminar and exhibition on low-cost housing. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Saini, B.S., 1970. Architecture in Tropical Australia, Great Britain: Melbourne University Press.
Salih, K., 1982. Urban Dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, Volume 3(Issue 2).
Singh, M.K., Mahapatra, S. and Atreya, S.K., 2009. Thermal Performance Study and Evaluation of Comfort Temperatures in Vernacular Buildings of North-East India. Build. Environ., 45: 320-329.
Sulong, M., 1984. Perumahan Awam Kos Rendah di Terengganu: Isu, Masalah dan Penerimaan Masyarakat. Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Tan, S. H., 1980. Factors influencing the location, layout and scale of low-cost housing in Malaysia. In S. H. Tan, & H. Sendut (Eds.), Public and private housing in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2009. Human Development Report 2009, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tjahjono, G., 2003. Dwellings in Indonesia: Tradition, Resilience, and Change. In Asia’s Old Dwellings. United States: Oxford University Press Inc., pp. 159-184.
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Vellinga, M., Oliver, P. & Bridge, A., 2007. Atlas of Vernacular Architecture of The World, Great Britain: Routledge.
Wang, L. and Wong N.H., 2007. Applying natural ventilation for thermal comfort in residential buildings in Singapore. Architect. Sci. Rev., 50: 224-233.
Wolkoff, P., P. and Kjaergaard, S.K., 2007. The dichotomy of relative humidity on indoor air quality. Environ. Int., 33: 850-857.
Youngquist, J. & Hamilton, T., 2000. A Look at the World’s Timber Resources and Processing Facilities. In XXI IUFRO World Congress. Kuala Lumpur, pp. 183-194.
Yuan, L.J., 1987. The Malay House: Rediscovering Malaysia’s Indigenous Shelter System, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: Institut Masyarakat.
Yuan, L.J., 2011. Under One Roof: The Traditional Malay House. Tropical Architecture.
Zaid, N.S.M. & Graham, P., 2011. Low-Cost Housing in Malaysia: A Contribution to Sustainable Development? eddBE2011 Proceedings, pp.82-87.
Zhai, Z. & Previtali, J.M., 2010. Ancient Vernacular Architecture: Characteristics Categorization and Energy Performance Evaluation. Energy and Building, Volume 42, pp.357-365.
Design Issues
As a conclusion, there are some design issues discovered in traditional Malay houses and social housing (Table 42). According to research, materials that are used in Malay houses are more practical and reliable for releasing heat readily, compared to high thermal capacity materials such as bricks and concrete in social housing. These high thermal materials store heat and cause uncomfortably high temperatures at night.
The unplanned kampong environment does not block the wind; thus the entire neighbourhood receives a good quality of fresh air. Externally, in modern housing large blocks and long terraces create barriers and air pockets, while internally, the complicated wall arrangements in modern housing block air movement, which leads to an uncomfortable thermal condition.
In a traditional Malay house, full-length openings are located at body level, while in modern housing the openings are smaller and only concentrate on the upper part of the body. Therefore, the cross ventilation process often fails in modern housing. Overhangs are important in opening components because they can provide shade for the walls from sun radiation, glare and rainfall. This key element is always neglected in modern housing.
For religious reasons, the orientation of a traditional Malay house normally faces Mecca or an east-to-west direction. This orientation, by coincidence, can reduce the external wall that faces direct sunlight. However, in modern housing, this orientation is not emphasized for profit motives. Moreover, the internal space arrangement in a traditional Malay house uses a front-to-back order where the serambi is the first area, followed by the rumah ibu and dapur. This arrangement preserves the privacy level of a Malay family and contributes to neighbourhood enhancement.
The theoretical model has been developed and tested. The model has been improved according to the architectural and construction issues found in an actual PHP 2000. One of the major improvements is the proportionate rule of layout unit. Instead of a long and narrow layout, the theoretical model has a longer and wider layout where the external wall area is longer than PHP 2000; this promotes massive airflow in, out and across the house through the opening components.
Using the results obtained in part 7 and 8, a standard called Air House has been defined. This standard is totally focused on natural ventilation strategies, in which air is designed to flow across the house compound. Meanwhile, in Passivhaus, the design is more about airtightness and isolation of heat within the house compound. The establishment of Air House could perhaps be a new beginning for Malaysian architecture and its tropical region.
The hot temperature and high humidity climate in Malaysia encourages the use of an air conditioning system as the primary option to cool the house. Nowadays, this is the standard practice in Malaysia. An effort should be made to rectify this situation. The theoretical model that has been developed proves that there is a possible way to achieve the right thermal comfort by using passive methods in social housing. Therefore, this study answers the problem posed at the beginning of the study.
Recommendations of Building Regulations in Malaysia
Upon completion of the study, it can be deduced that there is a huge gap between the traditional approach and modern housing. One of the reasons for this situation is the inappropriate regulations and standards being used in Malaysia. Therefore, some improvements and revisions should be made in order to meet the current challenges, as some of the regulations are not compatible with Malaysia’s climate and culture (see Table 43).
In clauses 32, 33, 34 and 35 of UBBL part III (space, light and ventilation), open spaces must be provided in residential building compounds. However, the categories listed are only related to buildings abutting a street, a back lane and a detached building; there is no category relating to linked units abutting a corridor in a multi-storey building. According to the research findings, a common space in front of the main entrance is an important element in building a good, responsible society. Therefore, in theoretical model (TM), foyer space is provided to serve as interaction space as well as storage area. Thus, an improvement that can be compatible with local culture and the basic needs of the people should be made.
Clause 39 (1) states that residential buildings shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation. The openings area is not less than 10% of floor area. For an example that follows the minimum requirement, a living/dining area in TM that has 19.6 square metres will have an area of window opening of less than 2.0 square meters. Based on the research findings, this percentage is too small for an opening to allow air movement. As TM has been proven to provide good air movement, clause 39 (1) should be revised to a new and more suitable percentage of opening area that is compatible with Malaysia’s climate.
In order to achieve thermal comfort through air movement, a large opening at the external and internal wall should be made. Therefore, 15% to 20% of external openings are required on an external wall for achieving suitable amount of air movement. Moreover, an opening at a high level of wall should be placed to allow ventilation and air change processes.
The window openings are suggested to be placed at body level range and must be 15% to 20% of a room’s external wall. For internal partitions, fixed louvers could be placed on the top part of the partition to allow air transfer from room to room.
Moreover, in clause 42 (2), the minimum kitchen area in UBBL is 4.5 square metres and the minimum width is 1.5 metres. This measurement is still small and leads to insufficient space area. Therefore, the kitchen area should be revised to be at least 8.0 square metres and 2.0 metres minimum in width.
Finally, in clause 44 (1), the minimum height of a living room is 2.5 metres, while a kitchen is 2.25 metres. These heights are considered low and less efficient to promote air movement; thus, the minimum of 3.5 metres, as in TM’s design, should be used in this clause.
The Air House concept that focuses on natural ventilation in residential buildings has proven it can reduce 86% of carbon emission and 74.3% of energy consumption compared to standard practice. The Air House concept has brought sustainable design in Malaysia to a new level of achievement; therefore, it should be explored and expanded in greater detail in the future. Among other study areas in Air House that can be further defined are:
• The appropriateness of use of lightweight building materials in the tropics;
• Percentage proportion of openings in accordance with the building height;
• Wind catcher strategies in Air House design to promote cross ventilation; and
• Strategies in preventing sound pollution in Air House design.
Thermal comfort is one of the basic needs. However, in urban areas, thermal comfort becomes more crucial as houses are constructed in multi-level format with compact design. The concept of Air House could perhaps provide a new dimension in the design of comfortable and sustainable housing in the future.
Researched and written by Mohd Firrdhaus Mohd Sahabuddin; co-founder of 'Air House' and this article was a part of his dissertation which titled 'Traditional Values and Their Adaptation in Social Housing Design: Towards A New Typology and Establishment of ‘Air House’ Standard in Malaysia' for MSc. Advanced Sustainable Design in The University of Edinburgh. Copyright 2012.
References
Abd. Rahman, A.B. & Omar, W., 2006. Issues and Challenges in the Implementation of Industrialised Building Systems in Malaysia. In Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abdul Hussain Al-Obaidi, M.A. & Woods, P., 2006. Investigations On Effect of the Orientation on Thermal Comfort in Terraced Housing in Malaysia. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, pp.167-176.
Abdul Rahim, Z. & Hashim, A.H., 2011. Adapting to Terrace Housing Living in Malaysia. In ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies. Bandung, Indonesia: Elsevier B.V., pp. 147-157.
Abdul Rahman, A.M., 1995. Housing Design in Relation to Environmemtal Comfort. Building Research and Information, Volume 23.
Abdul Razak, A., 2011. Housing: Planning and Implementation in Malaysia.
Abdullah, K., 2006. Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART): An Underground Approach to Mitigating Flash Floods. In International Workshop on Flash Floods in Urban Areas and Risk Management.
Abdulmalik, A. & Young, A., 1993. Thermal Comfort Study as an Aid to Determine Energy Savings in Building in Malaysia. In Proc. Energex 93. Seoul, South Korea.
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M., 2006. Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century : Theory, education and practice, Great Britain: Taylor & Francis.
Audenaert, A., De Cleyn, S.H. & Vankerckhove, B., 2008. Economic Analysis of Passive Houses and Low-Energy Houses Compared with Standard Houses. Energy Policy, (36), pp.47-55.
Aziz, W.N.A.W.A.B.D., 2007. Low-Cost Housing Policy in Malaysia: The Challenge of Delivery. PhD Thesis. University of Dundee.
Bavani, M. & Ashok, K., 2012. Pekeliling Flat: Abandoned and Dangerous. The Star. Available at: http://mstar.com.my/ [Accessed August 14, 2012].
Brookfield, H. & Byron, Y., 1990. Deforestation and Timber Extraction in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula: The Record Since 1965. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, pp.42-56.
Bureau of Meteorology, Design Tips For the Hot Humid Climate. Australian Government. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/environ/housedesign/HSWW_d.shtml [Accessed July 24, 2012].
Center of Built in the Malay World (KALAM), 1996. Rumah Andak Endah (1920).
Center of Built in the Malay World (KALAM), 1986. Rumah Datuk Baginda Tan Mas Mohar (1850).
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), 2009. Malaysia : Settlement Points. Center for International Earth Science Information Network. Available at: http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/ [Accessed June 26, 2012].
Chen, Y.-R., Ariffin, S.I. & Wang, M.-H., 2008. The Typological Rule System of Malay Houses in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, (254).
Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia, 2012. Average Monthly Rainfall and Temperature for Malaysia from 1990-2009. Available at: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ [Accessed June 26, 2012].
Construction Industry Development Board, 1998. Construction Industry Standard CIS 2: 1998, Standard Perumahan Kebangsaan bagi Perumahan Kos Rendah Rumah Pangsa, Malaysia.
Drakakis-Smith, D., 1977. Housing the Urban Poor in West Malaysia: The Role of the Private Sector. Habitat International, Volume 2, pp.571-584.
Economic Planning Unit., 1965. First Malaysia Plan 1966-1970. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Economic Planning Unit. Prime Minister's Department. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from http:// www.epu.gov.my/previousplan
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)., 2001. Eighth Malaysia plan (2001–2005). Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)., 2006. Ninth Malaysia plan (2006–2010). Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.
Feist, W. et al., 2005. Re-inventing Air Heating: Convenient and Comfortable within the Frame of the Passive House Concept. Energy and Building, (37), pp.1186-1203.
Fisk, D., 1981. Comfort and Energy Consumption. In The Architecture of Energy. New York: Longman Inc.
Fondriest Environmental, 2012. What is Air Temperature. Fondriest Environmental. Available at: http://www.fondriest.com/news/airtemperature.htm [Accessed July 24, 2012].
Fowler, K., 1983. Practical Building Services Design: Indoor/Outdoor Design Conditions and Psychrometry, New York: Longman Inc.
Goh, A.T. & Ahmad, Y., 2011. Public Low-Cost Housing in Malaysia: Case Studies on PPR Low-Cost Flats in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Design and the Built Environment, Vol. 8.
Green Building Index, 2010. Residential New Construction (RNC): Design Reference Guide & amp; Submission Format.
Green Building Index, 2011. GBI Assessment Criteria for Residential New Construction (RNC).
Green Building Index, 2012. What is A Green Building? Available at: http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/why-green-buildings.html [Accessed July 25, 2012].
Hanafi, Z., 1994. Housing Design in Relation to Environmetal Comfort - A Comparison of the Traditional Malay House and Modern Housing. Building Research and Information, Volume 22.
Harahap, R.K. et al., 2011. Thermal Comfort Study in Low-Cost Residential Building in Shah Alam. In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 303-306.
Hassan, A.S. & Ramli, M., 2010. Natural Ventilation of Indoor Air Temperature: A Case Study of the Traditional malay House in Penang. Science Publications.
Idid, S.Z.A. & Salim, S., 2011. Traditional Values in Modern Living, A Dilemma of Choice. In APSA Congress. Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1538-1547.
Ismail, Z. & Ahmad, A.S., 2006. Modularity Concept in Traditional Malay House (TMH) in Malaysia. In International Conference on Construction Industry. Universitas Bung Hatta, Indonesia.
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, 2011. Yearbook of Statistics Malaysia 2010th ed., Putrajaya, Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Johnstone, M., 1984. Urban Housing and Housing Policy in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 8(4), pp.497-529.
KALAM, 2012. Center for the Study of Built Environment in the Malay World (KALAM). KALAM UTM: Pusat Kajian Alam Bina Dunia Melayu. Available at: http://utmkalam.wordpress.com/author/utmkalam/ [Accessed June 19, 2012].
Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH)., 2000. Buletin Jabatan Pengurusan Perumahan. Kuala Lumpur: DBKL.
Laws of Malaysia, 1997. Uniform Building By- Laws 1984, Act 133, MDC Publishers Printers Sdn. Bhd.
Lee, B.T., 1996. Emerging Urban Trends and the Globalizing Economy in Malaysia. In Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia. Hong Kong: United Nations University Press, pp. 335-372.
Lee, H.Y., 2003. The Kampong House: Evolutionary History of Peninsular Malaysia’s Vernacular Houseform. In Asia’s Old Dwellings: Tradition, Resilience and Change. United States: Oxford University Press Inc., pp. 235-257.
Loo, K., 1977. Planning and Building By- laws Affecting Low-cost Housing, Jurnal Perumahan Housing & Property (Nov/ Dec 1977), Vol.2, No.7, pp. 75-77.
Malaysian Standard 1525 (MS1525), 2007. Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (First Revision).
McCee, T.G. and McTaggart, W.D., 1967: Petaling Jaya: A Socioeconomic Survey of a New Town in Selangor, Malaysia. Pacific Viewpoint Monograph 2, Wellington.
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG), 1981. National Housing Department, Satisfaction with Housing Conditions - Sample Household Survey Report on The Jalan Pekeliling Flats, Kuala Lumpur.
Mohamad Said, B.H., 2011. An overview of the Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 & the Amendments 2007 [Part 3/5]. Badrul Hisham Architect. Available at: http://badrulhishamarchitect.blogspot.co.uk/ [Accessed August 6, 2012].
Mohammadi, A.R. et al., 2010. The Effect of Balcony to Enhance the Natural Ventilation of Terrace Houses in the Tropical Climate of Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Volume 3, pp.105-113.
Mohd Tahir, M. et al., 2006. Taking Cues From the Past: Increasing the Livability of Terrace Housing in Malaysia Through the Raised Floor Innovation. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohit, M.A., Ibrahim, M. & Rashid, Y.R., 2010. Assessment of Residential Satisfactionin Newly Designed Public Low-Cost Housing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Habitat International, (34), pp.18-27.
National Housing Department, 2006. JPN Standard Plan 2000.
National Property Information Centre (NAPIC), 2010. Property Stock Report: Residential Property Stock Table Q3 2010, Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Finance Malaysia.
Passivhaus Trust, 2012. The Passivhaus Standard. Passivhaus Trust: The UK Passive House Organisation. Available at: http://www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/ [Accessed August 15, 2012].
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